Teaching

Unit-I

Introduction to Air Pollution

Definition, sources of air pollution: natural and man-made/ anthropogenic, types of air pollution- indoor and outdoor, classification of air pollutants: primary, secondary and criteria air pollutants, characteristics of air pollutants, effects of air pollution on human, plants, structures and environment, air pollution episodes, scales and levels of AQM and units of measurements.

Unit-II

Indoor Air Pollution and Noise Pollution

Indoor Air Pollution – Causes, sources, effects, control and guidelines

Noise Pollution – Causes, sources, effects, control, standards and Legal aspects of noise.

Unit-III

Meteorology and Monitoring of Air Pollution

Meteorology- Importance, structure and composition of the atmosphere, meteorological parameters: solar radiation, wind speed and direction, temperature, pressure, humidity, rainfall, stability and MMD, plume behaviour and urban heat island effect, windrose diagram.

Monitoring of Air Pollution: Location of monitoring stations, basic considerations for sampling, stack monitoring, NAAQS and NAQI, Sampling- Particulate matter (HVAS) and gaseous pollutant (Sampling train) and techniques for measurement of pollutant concentration- CO, SO2, NOx, Ozone and NMVOCs.

Unit-IV

Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling

Effective stack height – Davidson and Bryant Equation, Holland’s Equation, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) expression, Centre Board for Prevention and Control of Water pollution expression- Numerical examples.

Pollutants dispersion models – Importance, objectives, Box model, Line model, Point model (Gaussian Plume dispersion model)- Numerical examples.

Unit-V

Air Pollution Control Equipment

Particulate matter – Construction, working principle and design of gravity settling chambers, cyclone separator, scrubbers, fabric filters and electrostatic precipitators.

Gaseous pollutants – Recovery techniques: (adsorption and absorption) and destructive techniques (flares and incinerators). 

Unit – I

Energy Issues and Alternate Energy

Energy Issues - Factors influencing energy issues, sources of Energy: Renewable and Non-renewable, Energy Crisis- Global Scenario.

Alternate Energy Sources: Solar, Wind, Hydro-power, Tidal, Wave and Geo-thermal energy and Biofuels.

Unit – II

Climate Change- Impacts and Control

Climate Change Impacts - Global and India, greenhouse effect, melting of glaciers, rise in sea level, change in rainfall pattern, change in wind pattern, floods, droughts, landslides, temperature rise, sea level rise, coastal erosion and landslides, wetlands and estuaries loss, impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem.

Climate Change Control - Role of citizens and countries and Paris agreement.

Unit III

Ozone Layer Depletion and Carbon Sequestration

Ozone layer depletion - Ozone and ozone layer, causes for ozone layer depletion: natural and anthropogenic, ozone depleting substances, effects of ozone layer depletion, control – Montreal Protocol.

Carbon Sequestration - Afforestation and reforestation, carbon farming, wetland, peatland and mangroves, BECCS, biochar, fertilizing the ocean, rock solution and Direct air capture and storage (DACS).

Unit – IV

Clean Development Mechanisms

Kyoto Protocol – Chronology, countries, principles, commitment periods and flexibility mechanisms and achievement and failure.

Emission Trading - Global and Indian scenario, steps for carbon trading, eu-ets and Indian model- requirements for carbon trading and advantages and disadvantages.

CDM – Objectives, principles, purpose, process, advantages and limitations, CDM projects: challenges in India.

Unit – V

GHG Emission Estimation

GHG Emission- GHG sources, carbon footprint, activity data, emission factors, Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and CO2 equivalence.

Emission Estimation – Estimation of emissions from vehicles, airplane, landfills, water treatment plants, industries, thermal power plant and office sources.

Unit – I

Ecosystem and Diversity

Ecosystem – Classification, Ecology- Classification, Structure of Ecosystem, Functions of Ecosystem: Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow and Biogeochemical Cycles, Ecotone, Niche and Succession, Trophic level Interactions: Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid.

Diversity measurement- Abundance, species richness, species evenness, Simpson’s diversity index and Shannon’s diversity index.

Unit – II

Biodiversity Loss and Lake Ecosystem

Biodiversity - Importance of biodiversity, levels of biodiversity, loss of biodiversity, conservation of biodiversity, red data book and impact of climate change on biodiversity,

Lake Ecosystem: Origin of lakes, Stratification of lakes, zones in lakes, trophic status of lakes, lakes overturn, nutrient loading and enrichment, Leibig’s law of minimum, eutrophication- causes, effects and control.

Unit – III

Environmental Impact Assessment

Introduction to EIA – Definition, purpose, history and current developments, objectives and importance, guiding principles of EIA, types of EA : EIA and SEA, types of EIA : REIA and CEIA, environmental components: air, water, soil, noise, cultural and socio-economic, EIS and FONSI, list of projects in EIA, EIA framework and limitations of EIA.

Unit – IV

Methodologies of EIA and Public Participation

Methodologies of EIA: Characteristics of EIA methodologies, criteria for selection of methods, EIA methods: adhoc (opinion poll, expert opinion and delphi method), checklist (simple, descriptive, scaling and scaling-weighting checklists), matrix (simple, sectoral, environmental baseline, Leopold, component interaction matrix), network, overlay, cost-benefit, environmental quality index and simulation methods.

Public Participation: Definition, purpose, objectives, principles, key requirements, inputs, levels and mechanisms.

Unit – V

EIA Case Studies

Thermal power plant, mining, highways, landfill, airport, industries, irrigation projects and effluent treatment plants: Impact identification, analysis and mitigation on different environmental components- EMP and DMP.

Unit-I

Fundamentals and Platforms of Remote Sensing

Remote sensing: Introduction to remote sensing, components, working principle, active and passive remote sensing, remote sensing sensors-classification.

Platforms: Space-borne, air-borne and ground level remote sensing, satellites types, characteristics of orbits

Unit-II

Electromagnetic Radiation and Remote Sensing Data Interpretation

Electromagnetic radiation: energy interactions with atmosphere, energy interactions with earth’s surface, atmospheric windows, spectral reflectance curves of earth features and spectral, spatial, temporal and radiometric resolutions.

Data interpretation: Pictorial and digital data formats, true colour composite and false colour composite images, Interpretation elements: first order, second order and third order elements, interpretation keys, and interpretation method.

Unit-III

Processing and Analysis of Remote Sensing Data

Data Processing: Image Pre-processing: Radiometric, Geometric and Atmospheric corrections

Data Analysis: Image registration: linear and non-linear, image enhancement: contrast stretch, density slicing, edge enhancement, spatial filtering, image filtering: low pass filter, band pass filter, high pass filter, image transformation: ndvi, image classification: supervised and unsupervised and accuracy assessment.

Unit-IV

Geographical Information System and GPS

GIS: introduction, functions, advantages and limitations, components: hardware, software, data, methods and user, tasks: input, manipulation, management, query-analysis and visualization, spatial data models: raster, vector, tin and dem models and attribute data models: hierarchical, network, object-oriented and relational.

GPS: Components and working principle of global positioning system.

Unit-V

Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS

Environmental impact assessment, Environmental siting of industries, environment degradation assessment. solid waste management, land cover classification and changes, urban development, disaster monitoring and management and forest fire mapping.

Unit-I

Importance of Operation & Maintenance

Basic Principles, Objectives, Requirements, Corrective and Preventive Maintenance.

Operation & Maintenance Planning - Organizational Structure, Work Planning, Preparation and Scheduling, Cost Estimates.

Unit-II

Data Base of Facilities for O&M

Detailed Plans, Drawings, Operation Manuals, Record keeping, standard operating procedure and Computer Applications in O&M and SCADA.

Unit-III

O&M of Water Treatment and Supply and Facilities

Operational Problems and Corrective Measures in Different Units of Treatment. Water Distribution Network.

Unit-IV

O&M of Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities

Operational Problems and Corrective Measures in Different Units of Treatment, sewer network system, O & M of Industrial wastewater systems.

Unit-V

O&M of Air Pollution Control Facilities

Operational Problems and Corrective Measures in Different Units of air Pollution Control Equipments.

Unit – I

OSHA and Indian Acts

OSHA– Background, principles, structure and functions, OSH Act – USA, right to know laws at work place.

Indian Acts- Labour Act, Factories Act and OSH Act.

Unit – II

Accident Analysis and Investigation at Workplace 

Accident Analysis –Definitions, factors influencing accidents, types of accidents in workplace, causes for accidents- multiple causation theory, Heinrich’s domino theory.

Accident Investigation- Accident investigation: immediate action, data collection, develop timeline, data analysis, corrective actions and reporting, accident analysis models: fish bone model and fault tree model.

Unit – III

Hazard Identification and Analysis at Workplace

Hazard Identification- Introduction, sources of hazards, types of hazards, emergency response plan- key components.

Hazard Analysis: procedure- preparation, hazard identification, risk assessment, control measures, record keeping, implementation and review, hazard analysis techniques- checklist, what-if, FEMA, FTA and HAZOP.

Unit – IV

Fire Safety and Ergonomics

Fire safety- importance, effects, types of fire, sources of fire, fire triangle and fire tetrahedron, fire development and its severity, fire emergency response- DO’s and Don’ts, fire prevention, control and fighting equipment, fire extinguisher types and use, product safety- classification of materials.

Ergonomics: Importance, types of ergonomics, task analysis, ergonomic risk factors, ergonomic related injuries, hierarchy of controls for preventing ergonomic hazards.

Unit – V

Personal Protective Equipment and Occupational Health

PPE- General requirements, PPEs for Eye, Face, Respiratory, Head, Hand, Foot and Hearing.

Health problems in workplace– Construction, textile, steel and food processing, pharmaceutical and treatment plants.

Unit – I

Introduction to Energy and Resources

Renewable energy sources and their advantages and limitations- Availability of solar energy – Sun-earth relationships - Solar radiation measurement – Flat plate collectors – Solar water heating systems – Evacuated Tubular Concentrators - Solar air heating systems and applications – concepts on solar drying, cooking, desalination, solar ponds and solar cooling - Passive heating and cooling of buildings – Basics of solar concentrators and types Solar thermal power generation.

Unit – II

Waste-To-Energy Technologies

Anaerobic digestion, process parameters, biogas composition, digester types, high-rate anaerobic conversion systems – Alcohol from biomass – Biodiesel: preparation, characteristics and application - Biomass combustion and power generation – Briquetting – Gasification: Process, types of gasifiers, applications – Waste to energy technologies.

Unit – III

Technologies for Harnessing Renewable Energy

Technologies for harnessing renewable energy sources solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy.

Types of wind mills – WEG components, Power curves– Indian wind potential.

Small Hydro Power: Types, site identification, head and flow measurement, discharge curve, and system components.

Unit – IV

Fuels, Engines and Emission

Potential alternative liquid and gaseous fuels - Merits and demerits of various alternative fuels – Engine requirements Methods of production - Properties - Blends of gasoline and alcohol - Performance in SI engines – Adaptability - Combustion and emission characteristics - Performance in CI engines – Emission characteristics - Properties of alcohol esters. Production and properties of CNG, LPG, hydrogen gas, biogas and producer gas - Performance and Storage, distribution and safety aspects.

Unit – V

Biofuels

Properties - Esterification - Performance and emission characteristics - Bio-diesel: Feed stock, characteristics, preparation (lab and commercial), storage, applications, environmental impacts, economics, and policy.

Unit – I

Introduction to Research

Meaning and sources of research, Objectives and Characteristics of research, Errors in selecting research problem, Research methods vs Methodology, Types of research, Criteria of good research, Developing a research plan.

Unit – II

Literature Review

Investigations of a research problem, Selecting the problem, Necessity of defining the problem – Data collections-analysis, Importance of literature review in defining a problem - Survey of literature.

Unit – III

Research Writing and Publication

Developing effective Manuscripts and Journal articles, Conference articles, Poster preparation, Thesis/report writing, Research proposal, Citations and References, Journal selection process, Journal reviewing process, and plagiarism.

Unit – IV

Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Intellectual property rights- Importance, and protection of IPR, Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Trade secrets, Designs, Geographical indication, Recent developments in IPR.

Unit – V

Patents

Patent Acts in India, Procedure for grant of patents, Patenting under Patent Cooperation treaty, Types of patents- utility, design and plant, International cooperation on IP, Case studies.

Unit 1

Introduction

Human activities and environmental pollution, requirement of water for various beneficial uses, Need for protected water. 

Demand of Water: Types of water demands-domestic demand, institutional and commercial, public uses, fire demand. Per capita consumption-factors affecting per capita demand, population forecasting, different methods with merits and demerits-variations in demand of water, estimation of fire demand using various formulas, peak factors, design period and factors governing the design periods.

Unit 2

Sources, Collection and Conveyance of Water

Surface and Subsurface sources-suitability with regard to quality and quantity. Intake structures-different types of intakes; factors for selection and location of intakes. Pumps-Necessity, types-Power of pumps; factors for the selection of a pump. Pipes-Design of the economical diameter of rising main; Nomograms-Use; Pipe appurtenances.

Unit 3

Quality of Water

Objectives of water quality management. Concept of safe water, Wholesomeness & palatability, water borne diseases. Examination of water: Objectives-physical, chemical, microbiological and radiological Examinations, (BIS 3025 and BIS 1622) using analytical and instrumental techniques. Drinking water standards BIS and WHO guidelines. Health significance of Fluoride, Nitrate and heavy metals like mercury, cadmium and Arsenic. Sampling water for examination.

Unit 4

Water Treatment Techniques

Objectives- Treatment flow-chart, Aeration-Principles, types of Aerators, Sedimentation: Theory, settling tanks, types, design, Coagulant aided sedimentation, jar test, chemical feeding, flash mixing and clariflocculator.

Unit 5

Filtration and Disinfection

Mechanism-theory of Filtration, types of filters, slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters including construction, operation, cleaning and their design-excluding under drainage system, back washing of filters. Operational problems in filters. Theory of disinfection, types of disinfection, Chlorination, chlorine demand, residual chlorine, use of bleaching powder, UV rays, Treatment of swimming pool water, Fluoridation and Deflouridation, bio-organic based water treatment techniques RO and membrane technique.

Water conservation and Management: Rain water harvesting, Roof top harvesting, Ground water recharge, check dams.

Unit 1

Introduction

Necessity for sanitation, methods of domestic waste water disposal, types of sewage systems and their suitability. 

Design of Sewers: Hydraulic formulae for velocity, effects of flow variations on velocity, self-cleansing and non-scouring velocities, design of hydraulic elements for circular sewers flowing full and flowing partially full.

Unit 2

Materials of Sewers

Sewer materials and Types , shapes of sewers, laying of sewers, joints & testing of sewers, ventilation & cleaning of sewers, Methods of Plumbing works.

Sewer Appurtenance: Catch basins, manholes, flushing tanks, oil and grease traps, drainage traps.

Basic principles of house drainage. Typical layout plan showing house drainage connections, maintenance of house drainage.

Unit 3

Waste Water Characteristics

Sampling, significance, techniques and frequency. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics, Aerobic and anaerobic activity, CNS cycles. BOD and COD. Their significance problems.

Disposal of Effluents: Disposal of effluents by dilution, self-purification phenomenon. Oxygen sag curve, Zones of purification, sewage farming sewage sickness, effluent disposal standards for land, surface water & ocean. Numerical problems on disposal of effluents. Streeter Phelps equation.

Unit 4

Treatment of Wastewater

Process flow of municipal waste water treatment plant, Preliminary & primary treatment: Screening, grit chambers, skimming tanks, and primary sedimentation tanks, design criteria & design examples, 

Secondary Treatment: Suspended growth and fixed film bioprocess. Tricking filter–theory and operation, types and designs. Activated sludge process – principle and flow diagram, modifications of ASP, F/M ratio. Design of ASP.

Unit 5

Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater

Fundamental Tertiary methods like Ion exchange, Membrane separation Techniques: Brief description of MF, UF, NF membranes, Reverse osmosis principle.

Unit 1

Introduction

Definition, land pollution-scope and importance of solid waste management, functional elements of solid waste management. Sources, Classification and characteristics- Municipal, Commercial & Industrial. Methods of quantification.

Collection and Transportation: System of collection, Collection equipment, garbage chutes, transfer stations-bailing and compacting, route optimization techniques and problems.

Unit 2

Treatment/Processing Techniques

Components of separation, volume reduction, size reduction, chemical reduction and biological processing problems.

Incineration: process-3T’s, factors affecting incineration process, incinerators –types, prevention of air pollution, pyrolysis, design criteria for incineration.

Unit 3

Composting

Aerobic and Anaerobic composting, factors affecting composting, Indore and Bangalore processes, mechanical and semi mechanical composting processes, vermi-composting.

Unit 4

Sanitary Landfills

Different types, Trench method area method, Ramp and pit method, site selection, basic steps involved, cell design, prevention of site pollution, leachate & gas control methods, geosynthetic fabrics in sanitary landfills.

Unit 5

Advanced techniques in SWM

Surface complexation: surfaces and reactions; Surface complexation modelling: double-layer, constant capacitance, and triple-layer models. Experimental techniques for solid-phase investigations; Diffraction Principle of XRD, Bragg’s law, Fundamentals of crystal structures- unit cells, lattice planes and Miller indices, important structure types, phase identification, Scherer equation. Microscopy: Principles and applications of SEM, TEM and associated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Spectroscopy: Principles and applications of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Vibrational (IR and Raman), Absorption (XANES, EXAFS).

Unit 1

Introduction

Importance of treatment of industrial waste water, Difference between domestic and industrial wastewater, effects on streams and on Municipal Sewage treatment plants, and receiving water bodies.

Unit 2

Natural Purification of Streams

Stream quality, dissolved oxygen Sag curve in Streams, Stream sampling, effluent and stream standards and legislation to Control water pollution. Streeter-Phelps formulation, Numerical problems on DO prediction

Unit 3

Pretreatment of Effluent

Theories and practices: Volume reduction: classifying wastes, conserving waste water, changing production to decrease wastes; reusing both industrial and municipal effluents as raw water supplies and eliminating batch or slug discharges of process wastes. Concentration reduction: process changes, equipment modifications, segregation of wastes, equalization of wastes, by-product recovery and proportioning wastes, pre-treatment of industrial waste water neutralization: mixing of wastes and chemical treatment. Equalization and proportioning: objectives and methods.

Unit 4

Treatment of Solids and Sludge

Removal of Inorganic, Organic solids, suspended and colloidal solids, Treatment and disposal of sludge Solids.

Unit 5

Combined Treatment Methods

Feasibility of combined treatment of industrial raw wastewater with Domestic Wastewater, Discharge of raw, partially treated and completely treated wastewaters to streams. 

Case studies: Characteristics and Composition of waste water and Manufacturing processes of Industries like Paper and pulp, Cotton textile industry; Tanning Industry, cane sugar industry & distillery industry; Dairy industry; Steel and cement Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry

Unit 1

Sources and Effects of Air Pollution

Classification of air pollutants – Particulates and gaseous pollutants –Sources of air pollution – Source inventory – Effects of air pollution on human beings, materials, vegetation, animals – global warming-ozone layer depletion, Sampling and Analysis – Basic Principles of Sampling – Source and ambient sampling – Analysis of pollutants – Principles, numerical problems.

Unit 2

Dispersion of Pollutants

Elements of atmosphere – Meteorological factors – Wind roses – Lapse rate- Atmospheric.

stability and turbulence – Plume rise – Dispersion models – Applications.

Unit 3

Air Pollution Control

Concepts of control – Principles and design of control measures – Particulates control by gravitational, centrifugal, filtration, scrubbing, electrostatic precipitation – Selection criteria for equipment - gaseous pollutant control by adsorption, absorption, condensation, combustion – Pollution control for specific major industries, Numerical problems.

Unit 4

Air Quality Management

Air quality standards – Air quality monitoring – Preventive measures - Air pollution control efforts – Zoning – Town planning regulation of new industries – Legislation and enforcement – Environmental Impact Assessment and Air quality.

Unit 5

Atmospheric Quality Analysis and Prediction

Continuity and Energy Equation: Derivation of generalized continuity equation for compressible fluid (air) and constituents (gas, particle) suspended in a compressible fluid, examples of wind driven circulation, thermodynamic energy equation; Momentum equation: Co-ordinate transformation

Unit 1

Introduction

Definition, Evaluation of EIA in India, Development activity and Ecological factors, Relationship between EIA, EIS, and FONSI. Purpose and Need for EIA studies, Base line information.

Unit 2

Fundamental Approach to EIA

EIA Procedure: Step- by- step procedure for conducting EIA, Advantages and Limitations of EIA, Hierarchy in EIA, Statutory Requirements in EIA, MoEF Guidelines in Siting Developmental Projects.

Unit 3

Methodologies of EIA

Contents of EIA. Methodologies and Evaluation Techniques of EIA, their selection for Specific Projects. Frame work of impact Assessment related to Indian conditions.

Unit 4

Environmental Attributes

Assessment and prediction of impacts on Attributes -Air, Water, Noise, Land, Ecology, Soil, Cultural and Socio-economic Environment. EIA guidelines for development projects, Rapid and comprehensive EIA.

Public Participation in EIA: Basic Definitions, Regulatory Requirements, Objectives, Advantages and Disadvantages, Selection of Public Participation Techniques.

Unit 5

Impact Quantification

EIA for Water resource developmental projects, Highway projects: Nuclear Power plant projects, Hazardous Waste disposal Sites, Mining project (Coal, Iron ore), Thermal Power Plant, Infrastructure Construction Activities.

Unit 1

Introduction to Solid Waste Management

Classification of solid wastes (source and type based), solid waste management (SWM), elements of SWM, ESSWM (environmentally sound solid waste management) and EST (environmentally sound technologies), factors affecting SWM, Indian scenario, progress in MSW (municipal solid waste) management in India.

Unit 2

Waste Generation Aspects

Waste stream assessment (WSA), waste generation and composition, waste characteristics (physical and chemical), health and environmental effects (public health and environmental), comparative assessment of waste generation and composition of developing and developed nations, a case study results from an Indian city.

Unit 3

Collection, Storage and Transport and Disposal of Waste

Waste Collection, Storage and Transport: Collection components, storage-containers/collection vehicles, collection operation.

Waste Disposal: key issues in waste disposal, disposal options and selection criteria, sanitary landfill, landfill gas emission, leachate formation, environmental effects of landfill, landfill operation issues, case study.

Unit 4

Waste processing Techniques

Purpose of processing, mechanical volume and size reduction, component separation, drying and dewatering. Source Reduction, Product Recovery and Recycling: basics, purpose, implementation monitoring and evaluation of source reduction, significance of recycling, commonly recycled materials and processes.

Unit 5

Hazardous Wastes Management

Identification and classification of hazardous waste, basic concepts on hazardous waste treatment, pollution prevention and waste minimization, hazardous wastes management in India.